group 30 (waste management strategies )

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1EKLkew44benZmxcICF3kgGk3M9HQdYh8/view? usp=drivesdk

Energy Efficient solution in Modern Building - Group 17

Group 17 
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1WfZKkMi7zcvBXGnFnN2CRGDyVMAxDsR5

Group Members :
Hasintha M. R. K.               162693V
Lawanga P. W. A. H.           162691M
Rekanya S.                          162433C
Rifky A. R. F.                      162434F
Senarathna D. S. N.             162442D

Waste Management Strategies - Group 16

Group members

Karunarathna T.A.D.C.D 162421M

Perera J.K.D.S. 162430N

Perera P.A.L.P 162431T

Senarath P.A.N.B 162692R

Sivasangeetha V 162673K

Energy efficient solutions in modern buildings- Grroup 24

Bandara L A R I             162709E

Palihakkara A D             162659A

Perera H A H P              162662C

Rajapaksha M R N         162432X

Senanayake D M K G     162455U

group 8

Energy Efficient Solutions in Modern Buildings

  Introduction

The concept of “energy efficient” buildings has immediate implications on regulations, economics, energy demand, and the environment.  A definition is also needed to compare building energy performance or to assess absolute energy efficiency.  We propose three criteria for an energy efficient building,

1.  The building must be equipped with efficient equipment and materials appropriate for the location and conditions
2.  The building must provide amenities and services appropriate to the building’s intended use
3.   The building must be operated in such a manner as to have a low energy use compared to other, similar buildings.

 An efficient building must, at a minimum, be above average in all three aspects.  When setting minimum efficiency standards, a definition of energy efficiency based on minimum life cycle costs is likely to result in much stricter standards and greater energy savings than a strategy based on eliminating the least efficient units.   

The energy efficiency of buildings is significantly influenced by architectural design aspects, such as orientation, shape of the building structure, where the openings of windows are located, etc. Therefore design team focus is also on energy related design aspects. Especially in tendering procedures for architectural competitions public clients have to take strong notice on these energy related design aspects.

In general there are following strategies for the design of energy efficient buildings:

•   Minimization of losses   
• Minimization of electricity demand for artificial lighting
• Maximization of solar gains – Heating case
•  Minimization of solar gains – Cooling case

Minimization of losses – Compactness

Depending on the building type (housing, office, schools, etc.) transmission losses can have the highest ratio of all losses. Therefore the first design relevant measure should be the reduction of heating losses by minimization of the shape/volume ratio. Especially for an economical realization of passive houses or zero- and plus energy- houses compactness is of highest importance, as worse compactness means higher construction costs (improvement of u-values => more insulation materials => higher costs).

Minimization of electricity demand for artificial lighting

  Besides heating and cooling the energy demand for artificial lighting is of importance for the energetic performance of buildings. Buildings with huge overall width, like office buildings, tend to have substantial energy demand for artificial lighting. The development of innovative daylight concepts is the most important strategy to decrease the energy demand for lighting. Daylight concepts always have to be considered in combination with aspects for heating and cooling.  

Maximization of solar gains – Heating case

 In the heating period a maximization of passive solar gains should be the main target to reduce the heating energy demand. Optimized interaction of orientation, size of windows and disposable thermal mass are the key elements. Special design of windows and a special sunblind with reflector (reflecting sunlight to the ceilings) enables a maximization of solar energy. Massive floors, walls and special designed ceilings (ribbed concrete slabs with large surface area)  be used for the storage of solar energy.

Transparent building elements (windows)

Orientation and size of transparent building elements (windows) have important influence on the cooling demand. Intelligent shading elements with different orientation (e.g. south windows with horizontal elements, west and east windows with vertical elements) are further measures for the reduction of solar gains.

Natural cooling with passive night ventilation

In office buildings up to 2/3 of the total cooling load (around 200 – 250 Wh/m2/day) can be managed by passive cooling without mechanical energy. Night temperature in summer around 15°, adequate thermal building mass and the possibility of natural stack ventilation (e.g. in atriums, see figure below) are requirements for this kind of cooling. 

Natural ventilation by wind

For high rise buildings natural ventilation concepts by wind are innovative alternatives to conventional mechanical ventilation systems. The new office building of the European Central Bank in Frankfurt will be the first office building using only natural ventilation. The design of the building is based on wind and ascending forces around and in the building. 

Active use of solar energy

 Compared to other HVAC-systems active use of solar energy on one hand has strong input on the design of the building and on the other hand the use of solar energy also has strong influence on the environmental performance of the building. The intensive use of solar energy requires a comprehensive integration of solar panels in the architectural design concept and influences the design of buildings strongly. Solar panels can be mounted on walls and roofs, whereas in urban context roofs offer better conditions (less shading by other buildings, free choice of declination enabling higher degrees of efficiency).

Group members (Group 01)

v  Abeywickrama M.G.W.U -152401 T

v  Alahakoon A.M.M.S.B – 162602 U

v  Haafeel M.H.A. -162625 R

v  Liyanaarachchi R.N.H -162645 D

v  Senanayake S.M.A.H – 162668 B

Group 10-Energy Efficient Solutions in Modern Buildings

Energy has emerged as a critical economic issue, with its high consumption there are many consequences such as depletion of energy sources, green house emission etc. Buildings are on the front line of this issue due to their high consumption of energy. Efficient buildings and appropriate land use offer opportunities to save money as well as reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Energy efficiency solutions is very important aspect to be considered in a building. Energy efficiency measures for buildings are taken to minimize the energy consumption of a building while maintaining or improving the level of comfort in the building. With the advancement of technology there are plenty of solutions for energy efficiency in a building.

Solar Energy Systems

Solar energy is the source of the water cycle and of wind. The plant kingdom also uses solar energy by transforming it into chemical energy through photosynthesis. Solar panels are used to trap and convert the sun’s rays into usable energy. Solar energy is considered as green energy because it is renewable, sustainable and abundant. The use of solar power is of tremendous importance in a green building. Solar power capture technologies can be divide into three categories as Solar photovoltaic, solar thermal and solar thermodynamic. Solar heating systems can be installed in all types of buildings. Using solar power to pre-heat outside air before it is allowed to enter a building can considerably reduce heating costs both in residential buildings and commercial constructions. Solar heating systems are especially efficient for large buildings. Since the cost of solar is dropping quite rapidly, making it an even more attractive energy alternative.

Geothermal energy systems

Geothermal energy comes from the naturally existing heat inside the Earth. It is used in air conditioning, heating or transformation into electricity. Geothermal systems are energy-efficient, cost effective and environmentally friendly. Geothermal systems can be installed on new houses or renovation projects. This technology is divide into two categories as deep geothermal or near-surface geothermal energy. This technology can considerably reduce the use of fossil fuels or electricity, which emit more greenhouse gases and which are generally less financially interesting in the long term. Geothermal systems present some major advantages. Effectively, underground heat is present everywhere on Earth. Geothermal energy comes from an almost continuous source that is not dependent on atmospheric conditions.

Efficient lighting solutions

 Installing more efficient and affordable lighting solutions is a good way to save on energy. With new and improved led technologies the solutions are broader than ever. Whether it’s re-lamping (replacing existing lamps/bulbs with more efficient product); retrofitting (replacing existing fixtures, lamps/bulbs and ballast with new equipment) by using more efficient replacement product for existing fixtures, sizable savings through efficient lighting solutions can be achieved.

Skylights

Skylights are traditionally placed in or near a structure’s roof. It is a great option for buildings prioritizing natural light. Buildings with skylights require less artificial lighting, so Skylights contribute to considerable energy savings. Depending on skylight type and placement, other features include such as ventilation, day lighting without heat gain, night-time heat retention and emergency exit accessibility.

Energy Star Windows 

Energy efficient windows are new player in window market which are more energy efficient than normal windows. The ratings for these windows determine how energy efficient they will be. The lower the rating, the more energy efficient are your windows. The energy savings provided by these windows are enough to cover the added cost per window.

Rainwater Harvesting Systems and Tank less Water Heaters

The collected water in the Rainwater Harvesting Systems can then be used for purposes such as toilets and sprinkler systems. System must collect rainwater from roofs and storing it in a tank. Rain barrels are one of the most common methods of rainwater harvesting being used today.

Tank less water heaters heat only that much water that is needed as it is passed through electric coil. So it is need not wait for the water to get heated. This gives benefits rather than using a normal water heaters. Firstly, it eliminates excess energy costs as it heats up only that much amount of water that is needed and secondly, sufficient storage place can be obtained by eliminating the hot water tank.

HVAC System

A high efficient Energy Star rated HVAC system will help to save energy and money. In order to perform up a HVAC system to its full potential, it needs to be properly installed.