Group 32

Group 32
Waste Management Strategies 

Group 09

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1t0oLXvCzU7nP0SAV5r4-fY5OeOLGSCS6/view?usp=drivesdk

Waste Management Strategies

W

aste management or waste disposal are all the activities and actions required to manage waste from its inception to its final disposal. This includes amongst other things collection, transport, treatment and disposal of waste together with monitoring and regulation. It also encompasses the legal and regulatory framework that relates to waste management encompassing guidance on recycling.

Waste can take any form that is either solid, liquid, or gas and each have different methods of disposal and management. Waste management normally deals with all types of waste whether it was created in forms that are industrial, biological, household, and special cases where it may pose a threat to human health.  It is produced due to human activity such as when factories extract and process raw materials. Waste management is intended to reduce adverse effects of waste on health, the environment or aesthetics. The countries should have committed to sustaining a healthy environment and a vibrant economy. Consistent with this commitment, there has been a fundamental shift in the way we view solid waste. It is now recognized that solid waste is a resource that can result in the creation of jobs through cost effective and environmentally responsible management.

For an example, achieve this goal, the Department of the Environment, after extensive consultation with municipal governments and the people of Nova Scotia, has developed a forward-looking "Solid Waste-Resource Management Strategy." The Strategy will ensure that the people of this province receive the maximum environmental and economic benefits while minimizing the potential increases in the cost of managing solid waste.

Some of waste management strategies are;                        

Achievement	Lead by example with sustainable policies and practices
Dedication	Seek integrated waste management solutions including diversion
Collaboration/Transparency	Facilitate cooperation and collaboration, including encouraging partnerships
Service to our Community	Engage the community to ensure the SWMS meets their needs and objectives
Sustainability/Integrity	Recognize waste is a resource and find solutions that support reduction, reuse, recycling and energy recovery before disposal
Continuous Improvement	Invest in infrastructure with the flexibility to accommodate growth, changing policies and encourage innovation

The Solid Waste Resource Management Strategy include these benefits:

§  Bans on the disposal of beverage containers, corrugated cardboard, newsprint, scrap tires, used oil, lead-acid batteries, waste paint, automotive antifreeze, glass food containers, steel/tin cans, selected plastics and compostable organic materials.

§  Expansion of the current deposit/refund system on beer and liquor bottles to include all beverage containers with the exception of milk. Milk containers will be recycled through province-wide collection programs.

§  The number of active landfills will be reduced by approximately 75 percent. Currently, there are 40 active landfills in the Province. All landfills will have to meet the Department of the Environment's new stricter guidelines to prevent leachate and other problems associated with the current variety.

§  In order to ensure that cost increases are minimized, municipal units will be encouraged to cooperate on a regional scale. It is recommended seven solid waste resource management regions be established.

§  The Department of the Environment estimates the Strategy will cost each Nova Scotian an additional 50 cents a week.

§  Solid waste resources will be used to create new employment in Nova Scotia through the production of value-added goods. The Department of the Environment and the Resource Recovery Fund are working on plans to use scrap tires as the feedstock for a reprocessing plant. Other innovative plans include composting and Nova Scotia-based reprocessing of plastics, corrugated cardboard, disposable diapers and aseptic containers, such as juice packs. The Strategy will create approximately 600 jobs in recycling, collection and environmental industries. These jobs will be primarily in the private sector.

§  The Resource Recovery Fund will be a private sector, industry driven, non-profit organization. It will be charged with the marketing of recyclable materials in order to ensure Nova Scotia's environmental industries have a critical mass of feedstock from domestic sources. These materials will be used to establish industries based on the processing of recyclables.

§  The Strategy will involve diversion of 60 to 70 percent of household hazardous waste from disposal facilities.

§  The innovative environmental technologies developed for use in Nova Scotia will be marketed to other jurisdictions that are facing the same challenges.

Group members

Fonseka S.A.N.S                               162447K

Gunasekara I.V.W                             162446T

Maathangi S.                                     162697L

Pushpakumari M.N.A                        162719J

Silva M.W.L.R.K                              162438V

Waste Management Strategies

Waste Management Strategies

Waste management is collection, transportation and disposal of garbage, sewage, and other waste products. Waste management encompasses management of all processes and resources for proper handling of waste materials, from maintenance of waste transport trucks and dumping facilities to compliance with health codes and environmental regulations.

Principals of waste management

• Segregation at source-ward or unit level
• Color coding to support source segregation
• Identify destination of each type of waste
• Transport safely to pick up site
• Ensure safe disposal
• Keep track of usage

What are wastes?

Waste is a wide ranging term encompassing most unwanted materials, defined by the Environmental Protection Act 1990. Waste includes any scrap material, effluent or unwanted surplus substance or article that requires disposal because it is broken, worn out, contaminated or otherwise spoiled.

How to reducing waste costs

Step 1: Accounting for Waste

Step 2: Comparing your performance with others

Step 3: Identifying waste minimization opportunities

Step 4: Commitment to action

Step 5: Taking action to reduce waste

Step 6: Recognizing success and maintaining momentum

Strategies

1. Understand the legal implications of the waste produced in your organization by identifying the specific legislation that affects you.
2.  Look at your general environmental issues – what role does waste play in these? 
3. Quantify and identify your waste. Where does it arise and how much does it cost? Undertake a walk around audit and look at your bills. Using the waste hierarchy, identify what currently happens to the waste as it arises.
4. Identify a waste management champion or team to drive things forward.
5. Produce an action plan for reducing your wastes 
6. Get commitment from senior management for the action plan.
7. Identify the possible disposal options where you cannot reduce or recycle.
8. Select your waste carriers carefully and make sure your Duty of Care responsibilities are met. 
9. Monitor and review your achievements.
10. Communicate your successes to your staff, senior managers and outside your organization to interested stakeholders.

Waste management is crucial to reducing your organization’s impact upon the environment. It is also a fundamental requirement in achieving efficient cost savings and a better financial return for your business.

The waste hierarchy remains the cornerstone of most waste minimization strategies. The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical benefits from products and to generate the minimum amount of waste. The waste hierarchy is represented as a pyramid because the basic premise is for policy to take action first and prevent the generation of waste.

Benefits of waste management

•        Economical benefits
•             Social benefits
•             Environmental benefits
•        Inter-generational Equity 

Group 29

Waste Management Strategies - Group 15

Waste management strategies

Raw materials are becoming scarcer and energy more expensive, and all around the world, soil, air and water pollution pose a risk to sustainable development. Waste management is closely associated with both these problems: waste disposal issues are exacerbated by changing patterns of consumption, industrial development and urbanisation; this in turn means that traditional systems for solid waste disposal and recycling are no longer appropriate. This problem affects informal settlements in particular.

waste is increasingly being used to produce both materials and energy, and recycling now saves more greenhouses gases than it generates. However, many developing and emerging countries are faced with the major challenge of improving their inadequate and unsustainable waste management systems. Waste must no longer be deposited in residential areas and uncontrolled landfills or end up on illegal rubbish tips and in waterways. It accumulates in the world’s oceans as marine litter, and is blown across continents and pulverized by the action of the wind, sun and waves.

Development cooperation projects are not doing enough to take account of and analyse technical, organisational and financial strategies for sustainable waste and resource management and previous experience with the issue; these factors should feature more prominently in the sectoral discussion at national and international level. Waste management is connected with many other areas, including urban development, water, energy and food security. Technical, organisational and financial strategies for sustainable waste and resource management are incorporated into the sectoral discussion at national and international level and in development cooperation projects.

Strategy development activities focus on the following topics:

• Waste-to-energy technologies
• Technologies
• Avoidance of marine litter
• Electronic waste
• Economicinstruments 

In addition, identifies ways in which waste management can contribute to urban development and climate change mitigation. It also incorporates experience in waste management into activities.

Jayawardana P.B.                  162418K

Nuwangi P.D.                          162429U
Sivapathasundaram A.          162672G
Mendis W.J.S.                         162428P

Weerakoon H.D.                     162702C

Group 26 Waste management strategies

Waste management group 28

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1m8TS7yoX1LtdGKD4V9ajW-wjNgCgB5yr/view?usp=drivesdk

Group 21 Waste management strategies

Group Members #Ashan H.K.K. 162449F #Jayathilake W.A.D.L. 162635X #Muthupatinge M.S.A.P. 162448C #Prasanga A.M.L. 162712G #Thilakarathne A.H. 162678F

group 30 (waste management strategies )

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1EKLkew44benZmxcICF3kgGk3M9HQdYh8/view? usp=drivesdk

Energy Efficient solution in Modern Building - Group 17

Group 17 
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1WfZKkMi7zcvBXGnFnN2CRGDyVMAxDsR5

Group Members :
Hasintha M. R. K.               162693V
Lawanga P. W. A. H.           162691M
Rekanya S.                          162433C
Rifky A. R. F.                      162434F
Senarathna D. S. N.             162442D

Waste Management Strategies - Group 16

Group members

Karunarathna T.A.D.C.D 162421M

Perera J.K.D.S. 162430N

Perera P.A.L.P 162431T

Senarath P.A.N.B 162692R

Sivasangeetha V 162673K

Energy efficient solutions in modern buildings- Grroup 24

Bandara L A R I             162709E

Palihakkara A D             162659A

Perera H A H P              162662C

Rajapaksha M R N         162432X

Senanayake D M K G     162455U

group 8

Energy Efficient Solutions in Modern Buildings

  Introduction

The concept of “energy efficient” buildings has immediate implications on regulations, economics, energy demand, and the environment.  A definition is also needed to compare building energy performance or to assess absolute energy efficiency.  We propose three criteria for an energy efficient building,

1.  The building must be equipped with efficient equipment and materials appropriate for the location and conditions
2.  The building must provide amenities and services appropriate to the building’s intended use
3.   The building must be operated in such a manner as to have a low energy use compared to other, similar buildings.

 An efficient building must, at a minimum, be above average in all three aspects.  When setting minimum efficiency standards, a definition of energy efficiency based on minimum life cycle costs is likely to result in much stricter standards and greater energy savings than a strategy based on eliminating the least efficient units.   

The energy efficiency of buildings is significantly influenced by architectural design aspects, such as orientation, shape of the building structure, where the openings of windows are located, etc. Therefore design team focus is also on energy related design aspects. Especially in tendering procedures for architectural competitions public clients have to take strong notice on these energy related design aspects.

In general there are following strategies for the design of energy efficient buildings:

•   Minimization of losses   
• Minimization of electricity demand for artificial lighting
• Maximization of solar gains – Heating case
•  Minimization of solar gains – Cooling case

Minimization of losses – Compactness

Depending on the building type (housing, office, schools, etc.) transmission losses can have the highest ratio of all losses. Therefore the first design relevant measure should be the reduction of heating losses by minimization of the shape/volume ratio. Especially for an economical realization of passive houses or zero- and plus energy- houses compactness is of highest importance, as worse compactness means higher construction costs (improvement of u-values => more insulation materials => higher costs).

Minimization of electricity demand for artificial lighting

  Besides heating and cooling the energy demand for artificial lighting is of importance for the energetic performance of buildings. Buildings with huge overall width, like office buildings, tend to have substantial energy demand for artificial lighting. The development of innovative daylight concepts is the most important strategy to decrease the energy demand for lighting. Daylight concepts always have to be considered in combination with aspects for heating and cooling.  

Maximization of solar gains – Heating case

 In the heating period a maximization of passive solar gains should be the main target to reduce the heating energy demand. Optimized interaction of orientation, size of windows and disposable thermal mass are the key elements. Special design of windows and a special sunblind with reflector (reflecting sunlight to the ceilings) enables a maximization of solar energy. Massive floors, walls and special designed ceilings (ribbed concrete slabs with large surface area)  be used for the storage of solar energy.

Transparent building elements (windows)

Orientation and size of transparent building elements (windows) have important influence on the cooling demand. Intelligent shading elements with different orientation (e.g. south windows with horizontal elements, west and east windows with vertical elements) are further measures for the reduction of solar gains.

Natural cooling with passive night ventilation

In office buildings up to 2/3 of the total cooling load (around 200 – 250 Wh/m2/day) can be managed by passive cooling without mechanical energy. Night temperature in summer around 15°, adequate thermal building mass and the possibility of natural stack ventilation (e.g. in atriums, see figure below) are requirements for this kind of cooling. 

Natural ventilation by wind

For high rise buildings natural ventilation concepts by wind are innovative alternatives to conventional mechanical ventilation systems. The new office building of the European Central Bank in Frankfurt will be the first office building using only natural ventilation. The design of the building is based on wind and ascending forces around and in the building. 

Active use of solar energy

 Compared to other HVAC-systems active use of solar energy on one hand has strong input on the design of the building and on the other hand the use of solar energy also has strong influence on the environmental performance of the building. The intensive use of solar energy requires a comprehensive integration of solar panels in the architectural design concept and influences the design of buildings strongly. Solar panels can be mounted on walls and roofs, whereas in urban context roofs offer better conditions (less shading by other buildings, free choice of declination enabling higher degrees of efficiency).

Group members (Group 01)

v  Abeywickrama M.G.W.U -152401 T

v  Alahakoon A.M.M.S.B – 162602 U

v  Haafeel M.H.A. -162625 R

v  Liyanaarachchi R.N.H -162645 D

v  Senanayake S.M.A.H – 162668 B

Group 10-Energy Efficient Solutions in Modern Buildings

Energy has emerged as a critical economic issue, with its high consumption there are many consequences such as depletion of energy sources, green house emission etc. Buildings are on the front line of this issue due to their high consumption of energy. Efficient buildings and appropriate land use offer opportunities to save money as well as reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Energy efficiency solutions is very important aspect to be considered in a building. Energy efficiency measures for buildings are taken to minimize the energy consumption of a building while maintaining or improving the level of comfort in the building. With the advancement of technology there are plenty of solutions for energy efficiency in a building.

Solar Energy Systems

Solar energy is the source of the water cycle and of wind. The plant kingdom also uses solar energy by transforming it into chemical energy through photosynthesis. Solar panels are used to trap and convert the sun’s rays into usable energy. Solar energy is considered as green energy because it is renewable, sustainable and abundant. The use of solar power is of tremendous importance in a green building. Solar power capture technologies can be divide into three categories as Solar photovoltaic, solar thermal and solar thermodynamic. Solar heating systems can be installed in all types of buildings. Using solar power to pre-heat outside air before it is allowed to enter a building can considerably reduce heating costs both in residential buildings and commercial constructions. Solar heating systems are especially efficient for large buildings. Since the cost of solar is dropping quite rapidly, making it an even more attractive energy alternative.

Geothermal energy systems

Geothermal energy comes from the naturally existing heat inside the Earth. It is used in air conditioning, heating or transformation into electricity. Geothermal systems are energy-efficient, cost effective and environmentally friendly. Geothermal systems can be installed on new houses or renovation projects. This technology is divide into two categories as deep geothermal or near-surface geothermal energy. This technology can considerably reduce the use of fossil fuels or electricity, which emit more greenhouse gases and which are generally less financially interesting in the long term. Geothermal systems present some major advantages. Effectively, underground heat is present everywhere on Earth. Geothermal energy comes from an almost continuous source that is not dependent on atmospheric conditions.

Efficient lighting solutions

 Installing more efficient and affordable lighting solutions is a good way to save on energy. With new and improved led technologies the solutions are broader than ever. Whether it’s re-lamping (replacing existing lamps/bulbs with more efficient product); retrofitting (replacing existing fixtures, lamps/bulbs and ballast with new equipment) by using more efficient replacement product for existing fixtures, sizable savings through efficient lighting solutions can be achieved.

Skylights

Skylights are traditionally placed in or near a structure’s roof. It is a great option for buildings prioritizing natural light. Buildings with skylights require less artificial lighting, so Skylights contribute to considerable energy savings. Depending on skylight type and placement, other features include such as ventilation, day lighting without heat gain, night-time heat retention and emergency exit accessibility.

Energy Star Windows 

Energy efficient windows are new player in window market which are more energy efficient than normal windows. The ratings for these windows determine how energy efficient they will be. The lower the rating, the more energy efficient are your windows. The energy savings provided by these windows are enough to cover the added cost per window.

Rainwater Harvesting Systems and Tank less Water Heaters

The collected water in the Rainwater Harvesting Systems can then be used for purposes such as toilets and sprinkler systems. System must collect rainwater from roofs and storing it in a tank. Rain barrels are one of the most common methods of rainwater harvesting being used today.

Tank less water heaters heat only that much water that is needed as it is passed through electric coil. So it is need not wait for the water to get heated. This gives benefits rather than using a normal water heaters. Firstly, it eliminates excess energy costs as it heats up only that much amount of water that is needed and secondly, sufficient storage place can be obtained by eliminating the hot water tank.

HVAC System

A high efficient Energy Star rated HVAC system will help to save energy and money. In order to perform up a HVAC system to its full potential, it needs to be properly installed.

Group 26

G25

Energy efficient solution in modern buildings(group 28)

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1MD7T6u7SGrswsaG78EBouKmUBr_4z_lo/view?usp=drivesdk

Energy efficient solutions in modern buildings - grp 12

https://drive.google.com/file/d/13bqSrP50kcOoTs4qxKwG_Mmwu9m9umGc/view?usp=drivesdk

Energy efficient solutions in modern buildings

Energy efficient solutions in modern buildings

Energy efficient buildings are the buildings that have the highest energy saving potentials. These buildings are basically built by using architectural design aspects. Saving energy is the one of most actual topic in today. Shape of the structure, orientation of the building and the number windows and the places they need to be located are decided to obtain the maximum usage from these kinds of buildings. Most important aspects with strong influence on the building design are outdoor temperature, solar radiation, humidity and wind. These aspects can be use to get the maximum utilization from the building.

In general following methods can be taken as the strategies of designing energy efficient building.

Minimization of electricity demand for artificial lighting 

The development of innovative daylight concepts is the most important strategy to decrease the energy demand for lighting. daylight is a one of easiest method of getting energy source freely. If people can design the lighting system with involve day light, it almost impact for the betterment of the whole building. Buildings with huge overall width, like office buildings, tend to have considerable amount of energy demand for artificial lighting. for such cases, day light can be used by installing materials like glasses within the building to get maximum usage.

 Solar energy is a strong input of energy source for a building and on the other hand use of solar energy has strong influence on the environmental performance of the building. Solar energy requires a comprehensive integration of solar panels in the architectural design concept and influences the design of the building strongly. Solar panel can be installed on the walls and roofs, whereas in urban context roofs are the most suitable condition. This can be use for solar electricity generating and solar water heating.

Natural ventilation by wind

For modern buildings natural ventilation is a best way of innovative alternatives to conventional mechanical ventilation systems.

The first office building of using only natural ventilation is the new office building of European Central Bank in Frankfurt. The design of the building is based on wind forces around and in the building. It helps to save the energy cost and even saves the lives of occupants.

Cooling case from windows

Keeping cool indoors when it is hot outdoors is a problem. Some day’s sun causes indoor temperatures to rise to uncomfortable levels. Air conditioning provides some relief for that. But the initial cost of installing an air conditioner and the electricity costs to run it can be high. In addition, conventional air conditioners use refrigerants made of chlorine compounds, contribute to the depletion of ozone layer and global warming. Therefore, an alternative method of keep cooling and reduce the use of air conditioners is natural cooling. 

The most effective way to cool the building is to use the doors and windows with right size and right orientation. The primary source of heat buildup is sunlight absorbed by building through roof, walls and windows. Therefore, by varying them, cooling demand can be changed.

Cool roofs

Cool roofs are the roofs which made by highly reflective materials to reflect more light and absorb less heat from sunlight, which keep homes cooler during hot climate.

Building envelop

The building envelop refers to the external walls, windows, roof and floor of a building. this barrier between indoors and outdoors is important with regards to ventilation and insulation of a conditioned space. A tighter envelop more effectively keeps conditioned air in, reducing the load on the HVAC system, and therefore increasing the energy efficiency at which it operates. Similarly, insulation helps slow the conduction of heat through walls. Improving the efficiency of the building envelope is generally a low cost, high return method for increasing efficiency in buildings.

Energy Efficient Solutions in Modern Buildings - Group 33

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1CuH2KAGUQpmAgHT4EQYcngoXyO3pbyJr/view?usp=sharing

Group 32



            ENERGY EFFICIENT SOLUTIONS IN MODERN BUILDING

Saving energy is one of the most important topic for today. In the present days, all over the world is paying huge attention to the problem of resource conservation about heating buildings and its efficient use. Modern buildings has huge reserves to increase their thermal efficiency.

In the past, energy efficient buildings did not take a considerable significant. But today modern buildings pay unique attention for energy efficient solutions.

Efficient energy use, which is called energy efficiency, is the goal to decrease the amount of energy required to supply products and services. As example, insulting a home allows a building to unusable heating and cooling energy to achieve and maintain comfortable temperature. Install of LED lights, fluorescent lights or natural skylights decreases the amount of required energy to reach the same level of lighting compared with the using traditional incandescent light bulbs. Not only have that but great efficiency windows and insulation in walls, ceilings, and floors increased the efficiency of building envelope also. Alternative strategy, passive solar building design, is often applied in low-energy homes.

There are number of motivations to increase energy efficiency. Reducing energy use reduces energy costs and may result in an economic cost saving to users if the energy savings offset any additional costs of implementing an energy efficient technology.

     Usually, there are following strategies for the design of energy efficient buildings,

• ·       Minimization of losses
• ·       Maximization of solar gains –Heating case
• ·       Minimization of solar gains-Cooling case
• ·       Minimization of electricity demand for artificial lighting

 1.   Minimization of losses-Compactness

Heat losses are taken an important role for the energy performance of buildings. Reliant to the building type (housing, office, schools, commercials etc.) transmission losses can have the highest percentage of all losses. Therefore the main design related measure should be the decrease of heating losses by minimization of the shape/volume ratio. Specially for an cost-effective realization of passive houses or zero and plus energy houses compactness is of maximum importance, as worse compactness means higher construction costs.

            2. Maximization of solar gains- Heating case

During the heating period a maximization of passive solar gains should be the main target to reduce the heating energy demand. Optimized interaction of location, sizes of windows and one-use thermal mass are the key elements. Superior design of windows and a special sunblind with reflector (reflecting sunlight to the ceilings) supports a maximization of solar energy gains for the rooms. Massive floors, walls and special designed ceilings (beamed concrete slabs with large surface area) are used for the storage solar energy.

            3. Minimization of solar gains- Cooling case

⏩Transparent building elements (windows)

Orientation and dimension of transparent building elements (windows) have important effect on the cooling demand. Intellectual shading elements with different orientation are additional measures for the reduction of solar gains.

⏩Natural cooling with passive night ventilation

The office buildings up to 2/3 of the total cooling load can be managed by passive cooling, not using with mechanical energy. Night temperature in summer around 15celcios suitable thermal building mass and the possibility of natural stack ventilation are requirements for this cooling kinds.

⏩Natural ventilation by wind

Innovational mechanical ventilation systems are used for high rise buildings natural ventilation concepts of wind. The new office of the European Central Bank in Frankfurt is the first office building using only natural ventilation. The building design is based on wind and ascending forces around and in the building.

       4.  Minimization of electricity demand for artificial lighting

In addition to heating and cooling the energy demand for artificial lighting is of significance for the energetic performance of buildings. Huge overall width buildings like office buildings, tend to have substantial energy demand for artificial lighting. Innovative daylight concepts development is the most important strategy to decrease the energy demand for lighting. Daylight concepts always pay attention for the combination with aspects for heating and cooling.

             5. Active solar energy

Active use of solar energy (thermal and photovoltaic solar collectors) on one hand has strong input on the design of the building and on the other hand the use of solar energy also has strong effect on the environmental performance of the building, compared to other HVAC systems. Requires. A comprehensive integration of solar panels in the architectural design concept and influences the design of building strongly are required by the intensive use of solar energy. Solar panels can be attached on walls and roofs, although in urban context roofs with better conditions.